The Kiss: a Descriptive Essay

Musee Rodin portrayed Auguste Rodin as the most wonderful artist in his time, where he apparently made substance out of marble. He was conceived in Paris on November 12, 1884 and known for making â€Å"The Age of Bronze†, †The Gates of Hell†, â€Å"The Burghers of Calais†, â€Å"The Thinker†, â€Å"The Kiss† and numerous other more (account. com). As per his life story, Rodin made â€Å"The Gates of Hell† as a charged passageway piece for a â€Å"never built† arranged exhibition hall; it highlighted the etched figures of â€Å"The Thinker† (1880) and â€Å"The Kiss† (1886). The Kiss† was initially part of the Gates of Hell motivated by a writing source; nonetheless, it was expelled because of the positive condition of suggestion and notorious picture of adoration (artble. com). Rodin kicked the bucket on November 17, 1917 in Meudon, France was all the while taking a shot at â€Å"The Gates of Hell† (acco unt. com) The cozy portrayals of the sweethearts in Rodin’s work were initially made out of stone and were imitated in marble and bronze (artble. com). It offered accentuation to estimate standing 5’ 11 ? (Straight to the point 52), giving the impression of a progressively sensible view for the watchers; figures situated such that he cut the arms around one another and complicatedly featuring his subject of the lovers’ first kiss. The figures being made out of stone, Rodin made the figures skin-smooth, interestingly of the harshness of the stone they were perched on. Albeit, watching his work from a photo, diverse calculated pictures of Rodin’s work certainly still handed-off the idea and feeling the first occasion when you see the sculpture.Rodin’s complicated structure showed his ability as a craftsman; he portrayed the enthusiastic and emblematic substance of having that first kiss. Rodin cut the figures’ personal grasp and enthusiastic k iss that showed their genuine affection, notwithstanding the disaster that happened to on them; it was cunningly shaped that the feeling included was felt by the crowd. Rodin’s desires for the public’s response as he caught the second that made his work glorious; he made a magnum opus that was sentimental and arousing, despite the fact that the figures were bare it was rarely explicitly focused (artble. om). The Kiss’s, otherwise called the Francesca da Rimini, primary motivation depended on the story from Dante’s Divine Comedy, which delineated the illegal love of Paolo Malatesta to his sister-in-law Francesca da Rimini, who had an unsanctioned romance thirteenth century Italy. When Francesca’s spouse, Giovanni, got them as they were having their first kiss, he quickly wounded the evil darlings that prompted their appalling passing. The couple was consistent with life calculates that Dante met in the course of his life (artble. com; musee-rodin. r ). REFERENCE: â€Å"Auguste Rodin. † Bio. The Biography Channel site. n. d. Web. 10 Feb 2013. <http://www. history. com/individuals/auguste-rodin-9461735> â€Å"The Kiss. † Artble. n. p. n. d. Web. 09 Feb. 2013. <http://www. artble. com/craftsmen/auguste_rodin/design/the_kiss> â€Å"The Kiss. † Musee Rodin. Musee Rodin, n. d. Web. 09 Feb. 2013. < http://www. musee-rodin. fr/en/assortments/figures/kiss > Frank, Patrick. Preble’s Artforms. tenth ed. New Jersey: Pearson, 2011. 52. Print

Health Advancement and Health Promotion

Question: Examine about theHealth Advancement and Health Promotion. Answer: Presentation There is a developing worry in the zone of the matured consideration in Australia. Late writing here showed that geriatric populace is encountering noteworthy medical problems (Henderson et al., 2016). Authority is the significant part of social insurance administrations. Be that as it may, this perspective is being dismissed in the private matured consideration area (RAC) (Hungerford et al., 2016). It was clear from the exploration investigation of Jeon et al., (2013) that Australian medical attendant pioneer and directors are not conveying excellent consideration to the geriatric populace. Not at all like intense clinic care, in private consideration tolerant favor more customer coordinated administrations (Hunter et al., 2007). There is an information hole among the medical attendants with respect to the idea of administration and the executives (Holm Severinsson, 2014). Lea et al., (2016) showed a negative demeanor among RAC nurture because of authoritative hindrances. There is a n expansion in the utilization of matured consideration administrations since 10 years in Australia. Consequently, there is a requirement for the improvement of the helpful structure for initiative and the board for conveying top notch care in nursing older populace. The exploration objective is to distinguish the boundaries to conveyance of viable matured consideration by attendants pioneers and directors and to comprehend the advantages of the current models of care here. Along these lines, the creator of this investigation discovers critical to audit matured consideration writing (2006-2016) identified with nursing authority and the board structure in Australia and assess inclines in the writing during this period. Technique The articles identified with this difficult region were looked in Cochrane Library, Pubmed, and CDU Library. The quest terms utilized for writing search incorporates matured consideration, private and network care for older populaces, approaches for geriatric medical attendants, administration of matured consideration medical caretakers, initiative, and the executives system in Australia for matured consideration. The incorporation models for these articles incorporate those distributed in the time of ten years. Articles distributed in the language other than English and those identified with authority the board of ceaseless maladies has been rejected. The survey has principally centered around the epidemiologic writing, and studies were for the most part led on the human populace. These are for the most part observational and trial contemplates. No investigations depend on the lab or creature based research. The articles that were primarily gathering procedures, expositions, edited compositions, and practice rules were prohibited from the methodical audit. This precise audit is important as it assists with investigating past examinations taking out the need of the directing essential research. For information extraction, the picked articles are basically explored. PRISMA Statement (Source: Moher et al., 2015) Results and Discussion Out of the all out 100 articles chosen four has been decided for the efficient survey. The writing research prompted a distinguishing proof of 3 subjective examinations, Delphi study, and one quantitative investigation. The investigations have been pertinent in meeting the exploration goals. Be that as it may, the examinations were chiefly from Australia, one investigation of Norway and one of Canada. Conversation In Australia, Advance Practice Model of Care is an integrative model that has been perceived to be viable in producing positive results in RAC benefits and is prescribed to be executed in Australia (Venturato Drew, 2010). As indicated by Meissner Radford, (2015) there is the inconsistency between the impression of the significance of the administrative abilities among the mid-level directors of RACs and their presentation. In view of the cross-sectional examination plan with 199 center chiefs it was clear that there was simply the absence of relational abilities and mindfulness. The outcomes inferred that the directors saw the need of growing delicate aptitudes centered preparing to upgrade administration and the executives in RAC administrations. The exploration discoveries from the subjective investigation of Dwyer, (2011) uncovered that the RAC attendants with the significant level of inspiration had acquired best results while nursing old. Additionally, absence of expert help in the association, clinical authority training in clinical schools was essential hindrances to the advancement of the viable system for initiative and the board. It has been discovered that the Aged consideration Clinical Leadership Qualities Framework or ACLQF set up in Australia has been approved (Stanley, Latimer Atkinson, 2014). This program has been perceived to be helpful in tending to initiative necessities by Jeon et al., (2015). These discoveries have been the noteworthy commitment to the writing just as for strategy producers and partners in building up the comparative significant structure in Australia. There is a requirement for arrangements and guidelines just as instruction and preparing programs (Holm Severinsson, 2014). It was discovered that a positive staff encounters of the authority prompts upgraded work fulfillment and workforce maintenance (Griffiths et al., 2014). There is an absence of compelling association approach incorporating the joint effort with policyma kers, care suppliers, diverse instructive associations and the accreditation body (Hungerford et al., 2016). A graphic report by MacPhee et al., (2012) showed that hypothetical strengthening system has prompted upgrade of initiative style among the medical attendants and administrators. It expanded their self-adequacy and certainty. Hkanson et al., (2014) has opined that the essential model supporting the act of matured consideration is the individual focused consideration. The critical factor blocking the advancement of viable administration structure is the absence of clinical authority training just as consistent rules in the association. The other basic factor is that the initiative isn't reflected by directors in their job. The Advanced Practice Model of Care and the hypothetical strengthening system is seeming, by all accounts, to be significant for medical caretakers as they are integral to correspondence, appointment, and dynamic. These models can be utilized as the layout for creating successful methodologies or structure for improved initiative and the board. A preparation system that is RAC explicit, financially savvy, good to hierarchical uniqueness, open, and dependent on the administration time limitations is basic (Broad et al., 2011). The structures checked on in the writing just as the models of the consideration go about as a solid proof base for the top to bottom comprehension of the nursing chiefs and supervisors, and different partn ers. It permits operationalising the idea of clinical administration in matured consideration. It has given an outline of new investigation into the job of enrolled medical attendants. End There is a development of the writing in this field. The quantity of distributions revealing the administration and the board issues in Australian matured consideration has extended. In light of the writing audit it tends to be reasoned that a scarcity of work has been done in Australia to address this difficult region. Further examination is required in this field with increasingly longitudinal and mediation studies to give a more grounded base to the training and strategy. Further research is required in the region of execution of thorough preparing projects and joining of multidisciplinary information just as studies from the abroad to address the weight of incapable authority and the executives of private matured consideration administrations. Further investigations of assessments of the best results utilizing successful administration system that may happen in private and network settings are basic. References Wide, J. B., Boyd, M., Kerse, N., Whitehead, N., Chelimo, C., Lay-Yee, R., ... Connolly, M. J. (2011). Private matured consideration in Auckland, New Zealand 19882008: does genuine patterns after some time coordinate predictions?.Age and aging,40(4), 487-494. Dwyer, D. (2011). Encounters of enlisted nurture as supervisors and pioneers in private matured consideration offices: a methodical review.International Journal of Evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Based Healthcare,9(4), 388-402. Griffiths, D., Morphet, J., Innes, K., Crawford, K., Williams, A. (2014). Correspondence between private matured consideration offices and the crisis division: an audit of the literature.International diary of nursing studies,51(11), 1517-1523. Hkanson, C., Cronfalk, B. S., Henriksen, E., Norberg, A., Ternestedt, B. M., Sandberg, J. (2014). First-Line Nursing Home Managers in Sweden and their Views on Leadership and Palliative Care.The open nursing journal,8, 71. Henderson, J., Willis, E., Xiao, L., Toffoli, L., Verrall, C. (2016). Medical caretakers' view of the effect of the matured consideration change on administrations for occupants in multi㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ purpose administrations and private matured consideration offices in provincial Australia.Australasian Journal on Aging. Holm, A. L., Severinsson, E. (2014). The powerful nursing initiative of more established people in the communitya methodical review.Journal of nursing management,22(2), 211-224. Jeon, Y. H., Simpson, J. M., Chenoweth, L., Cunich, M., Kendig, H. (2013). The viability of a matured consideration explicit initiative and the board program on the workforce, workplace, and care quality results: plan of a bunch randomized controlled trial.Implementation Science,8(1), 1. Jeon, Y. H., Simpson, J. M., Li, Z., Cunich, M. M., Thomas, T. H., Chenoweth, L., Kendig, H. L. (2015). Group Randomized Controlled Trial of An Aged Care Specific Leadership and Management Program to Improve Work Environment, Staff Turnover, and Care Quality.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,16(7), 629-e19. Lea, E., Andrews, S., Haines, T., Nitz, J., Haralambous, B., Moore, K., ... Robinson, A. (2016). Creating systems between private matured consideration offices because of commitment in a falls anticipation venture: an activity explore study.Contemporary nurture, 1-13. MacPhee, M., Sk

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Criminal Justice - Essay Example This thesis will investigate the instance of province of Connecticut versus Jeff Jackson, which will plot exercises that occurred after the intrigue in the Appellate court. It will likewise talk about criminal statute and respect of defendant’s verification of liberated from criminal accusations past any sensible uncertainty. The courts, in understanding to criminal equity, lead equity activities in different ways that give an offended party an opportunity for probation denial claim and request haggling that do occur in the middle of the hour of capture warrant and condemning (Connecticut, 2011). The laws of Connecticut were formally discharged out on the town when a slip of supposition was the employable Appellate petitions and documenting of cases was confirmed as a way acknowledgment claims. In that date, Jeffrey Jackson spoke to the Appellate court for conviction of judgment, which was finished up by the jury in the preliminary court after his preliminary. Jeffery Jackson was given a warrant of capture because of ownership and utilization of opiate drugs and infringing upon General Statutes that came about to preliminary by court’s jury. After hearings, the litigant demonstrated his blamelessness of charges to a state of sensible uncertainty (Connecticut, 2011). This had weakened the weight that necessary verification to take inappropriate judgment. The Appellate Court on thought of defendant’s guarantee, with the turning around of the judgment by the jury of the preliminary, Jeffrey Jackson mentioned for another conference in the Appellate court. From that point, the Appellate court acknowledged the solicitation on a state’s request that ensured affirmation to think about intrigue, yet with constrained issues in regards to the Appellate court (Katz, 2007). The court’s jury issue with legal proof that stayed with rules of activity in the law office was not to be considered by the Appellate court. The jury protested demands from the Appellate court seeing assurance of generally speaking judgment according to guidelines alluding to sensible uncertainty. The impermissible weight of evidence was weakened inappropriately as per condition of assessment set by the jury upon the Appellate court. While detained at a restorative community, Jeff Jackson experienced segments of searches drove by a prison guard to give sensible proof of ownership of the opiate drugs. The jury requested a condition of carriage of weight that required sealing significant and observational proof. This included blood tests from tests of blood from Jeffrey Jackson just as tests for positive outcome from utilization of cocaine (Connecticut, 2011). Verification past sensible uncertainty leaves the offended party immovably persuaded that the litigant is blameworthy or not liable, from the way that the jury has outright assurance for agreeing with the respondent, and not the offended party but rather establishing support of legal and law morals. The procedural history was extra realities that were uncommon as indicated by the respondents schedules that included conveying procedural exercises the majority of them that contrasted from the introduction given by jury’s administering. The jury didn't appoint a standard charge in the premise of sensible uncertainty dynamic and governing according to the plaintiff’s charges (Connecticut, 2011). The explanation with respect to why the jury didn't depict sensible uncertainty on account of Jeffrey Jackson was the sensible judiciousness that dithered to perform increasingly profound cases that anticipated the jury’s mediation. The court recognized contrast in preliminary and condemning in the

The Legalization of Marijuana free essay sample

Pot is the most normally utilized unlawful medication on the planet. The word â€Å"marijuana†, alluded to as â€Å"herbal cannabis† by the remainder of the world, is the American expression for dried blossoms and leaves of the cannabis sativa plant (Caulkins 2012). The medication can be gone back to the extent 6000 B. C. when the plant’s seeds were utilized in China as food. It was utilized as an agony reliever and narcotic in Napoleonic France (Spaulding and Fernandez). The blossoms on the cannabis sativa plant contain concentrated measures of a brain adjusting concoction known as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). 1 THC shifts in strength relying upon the plant. The leaves of the plant, which have become the social image of pot, contain lesser amounts of THC. As John Caulkins writes in â€Å"Marijuana Legalization: What Everyone Needs To Know,† weed â€Å"creates illegal markets with an absolute incentive during the many billions of dollars for each year. We will compose a custom article test on The Legalization of Marijuana or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page † The authorization of weed has produced an enormous discussion all through the United States. While 18 states have sanctioned therapeutic cannabis, recreational use stays unlawful (until the usage in Colorado and Washington in 2014). Those on the side of sanctioning underscore how the restriction of the medication has been ineffectual and that there are numerous advantages of authorizing it. These remember the diminishing for dealing and cost of the medication prompting the end of unlawful street pharmacists. All the more significantly, sanctioning and guideline of maryjane can prompt a heavy increment in charge income on both a state and administrative legislative level. In November 2012, Colorado and Washington authorized the utilization of recreational maryjane for grown-ups more than 21. The objective is currently to manage the market and the utilization of the medication like the administrative laws of liquor. â€Å"In Colorado, people more than 21 can grow up to six plants for individual use and buy one ounce of weed from dispensaries† (Spaulding and Fernandez 2013). Just authorized dealers are permitted to sell. Certain American state governments have come an exceptionally long path so as to have the option to actualize this law inside their state enactment. The War on Drugs is a disallowance battle created by the US government with the aim of decreasing illicit medication exchange by â€Å"curbing gracefully and reducing interest for explicit psychoactive substances decide improper, unsafe, perilous, or undesirable† (Miron 2010). This battle comprises of carefully authorized laws and arrangements expected to block the creation, circulation and utilization of unlawful medications. It began during the fights against the Vietnam War when Nixon announced to America that young were going to drugs, mostly weed, as an image of insubordination. The War on Drugs was a reaction to social issues made by the recreational utilization of these substances. In any case, regardless of the endeavors of this on going battle, medicate use and misuse are even under the least favorable conditions today. Hostile to war activists needed to end the war and Nixon needed to end their enemy of war exhibitions and in this manner made an association among maryjane and against war activism. Along these lines, despite the fact that Nixon secretly composed, â€Å"They aren’t as radical as most assume,† he had shaped a sufficient association with assault fights with DEA operators. Nixon stated, â€Å"‘those who use drugs are the protestors†¦the ones who become involved with contradict and violence’† (Baum 1996). Notwithstanding, a survey of the undergrad protestors demonstrated that lone 25% of them had even attempted pot. (Baum 1996). Demonstrated through history, disallowance is an impractical and ineffectual methodology. Ted Galen Carpenter is a senior individual for barrier and international strategy learns at Cato Institute. Craftsman has composed 10 books on outside undertakings, 3 identifying with the War on Drugs, and has distributed more than 400 articles and studies that have showed up in the New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal and the sky is the limit from there (cato. organization). In his CNN Article, Drug Prohibition As a Global Folly,† Carpenter composes that forbiddance â€Å"enables the most obnoxious, brutality inclined people and association to command the business. † The U. S. disallowance against liquor during the 1920s and 1930s â€Å"demonstrated that a preclusion procedure engages and enhances nefarious criminals† (Carpenter 2013). There was widespread weapon savagery in the lanes of urban communities, for example, Chicago and New York similarly as forbiddance of medications has lead to group brutality in enormous U. S. urban areas also. When Prohibition finished, genuine liquor business rose and increased financial accomplishment as the debasement and savagery died down. Today, the US despite everything manages liquor issues, for example, liquor abuse, inebriated driving and other cultural issues yet nothing contrasted with the issues that were looked during the Prohibition. Arnold Trebach was head of the Administration of Justice Section, US Commission on Civil Rights from 1960-63, and Chief of Consultant on Administration of Justice (onlooker. organization). As indicated by the Trebach Report, he has been known as the Shadow Drug Czar alongside the George Washington of Drug Policy Reform (trebach. com). In his 1987 distribution of The Great Drug War, and Radical Proposals That Could Make America Safe Again, he composes, â€Å"Approximately 9,000 killings are identified with liquor use. † Even in this way, American government officials and residents have concluded that denial of liquor was more regrettable than the related wrongdoing, medical issues and demise related with it. The War on Drugs proclaims all medication clients, a large number of Americans, as a foe. The War on Drugs doesn't manage the most significant issues related with drugsâ€abuse, wrongdoing, and corruptionâ€but rather moves to demoralize and rebuff all medication clients. Loathe against abusers overcomes the contention, rather than movement to support them. This on going billion-dollar war has neglected to stop the creation and here and there injurious utilization of medications. The US sedate laws are â€Å"irrational, in view of defective logical suppositions and are withdrawn from the wants of a large number of Americans along these lines they can't be [successfully] enforced† (Trebach 1987). The primary focal point of the War on Drugs has been to â€Å"end the defilement of the dark market† anyway the U. S. necessities to move their concentration to â€Å"the wellbeing and strength of its residents. † As expressed in â€Å"War on Drugs: Next Steps,† 76% of voters in a national review accepted that the U. S. war on drugs is falling flat. The War on Drugs’ laws and approaches have prompted a large number of issues, for example, packed detainment facilities and an expansion in tranquilize related wrongdoing. â€Å"US government burns through $14 billion every year battling drugs†¦54 percent goes for criminal equity and interdiction†¦34 percent goes for treatment and counteraction programs. This does exclude the mentioned $385. 1 million mentioned for the current year for counternarcotics backing to Mexico and Central America† (War on Drugs 2009). Practically 50% of the 2. 3 million individuals in American jails are imprisoned for tranquilize offenses. Expanded law implementation prompts expanded medication costs, which is all the more welcoming to new street pharmacists and results in expanded brutality over medications. The flexibly of medications just as street pharmacists will stay consistent paying little mind to who is sent to jail. Dan Baum, staff essayist for The New Yorker just as columnist for the Wall Street Journal represent considerable authority in American governmental issues, wrote in his 1996 distribution, â€Å"After three many years of progressively correctional approaches, illegal medications are all the more effectively reachable, tranquilize potencies are more prominent and medication aristocrats are more extravagant than any time in recent memory. † It is away from implemented disallowance of pot is insufficient however backing of the War on Drugs is as yet solid. Today, the equivalent overstated threats of weed are utilized to help hostile to maryjane laws as were utilized in the 1936 at the hour of the arrival of â€Å"Reefer Madness. †2 However, through concentrated research by the National Institute on Drug Abuse financed by the administration, a significant number of these fantasies have been negated. These cases incorporate pot as a fundamental driver of lung malignancy, impeding safe framework work, hindering development and proliferation, being addictive, creating amotivational conduct, going about as a portal to different medications and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Truth be told, these cases that are utilized as proof to help hostile to weed enactment were refuted. The execution of authorized maryjane into a directed market would be profitable to the U. S. both monetarily and socially. The populace favors the sanctioning of medications, particularly weed. Those against sanctioning contend that it will diminish wrongdoing and enslavement, set aside citizen cash and advantage people, networks and the nation all in all. Be that as it may, Jeffrey Miron, a senior instructor on financial aspects at Harvard University counters that contention. Miron is additionally a senior individual at the Cato Institute. His field of ability is libertarianism and he is an eager promoter for the sanctioning of weed. In his 2010 production of â€Å"The Budgetary Impact of Ending Drug Prohibition,† he contends, â€Å"Legalization implies decreased consumption on authorization and an expansion in charge income from legitimized sales†¦Approximately $8. 7 billion of the investment funds would results from authorization of cannabis. † A directed weed market would prompt the disposal of a bootleg market and the savagery that is related with it. Authorization and guideline of cannabis would prompt a decline in government consumptions and an expansion in charge income. Legitimization dispenses with indictment dependent on ownership and dealing. Authorization spares administrative c

10 Facts About the Periodic Table of Elements

10 Facts About the Periodic Table of Elements The occasional table is a diagram that organizes the substance components in a valuable, intelligent way. Components are recorded arranged by expanding nuclear number, arranged so components that display comparative properties are organized in a similar line or segment as each other. The intermittent table is one of the most valuable devices of science and different sciences. Here are 10 fun realities to help your insight: In spite of the fact that Dmitri Mendeleev is frequently refered to as the innovator of the cutting edge intermittent table, his table was only the first to increase logical believability. ​It wasnt the main table that composed the components as indicated by intermittent properties.There areâ aboutâ 90 components on the occasional table that happen in nature. The entirety of different components are carefully human-made. A few sources state more components happen normally on the grounds that substantial components may change between components as they experience radioactive decay.Technetium was the primary component to be made falsely. It is the lightest component that has just radioactive isotopes (none are stable.)The International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, overhauls the occasional table as new information opens up. At the hour of this composition, the latest form of the intermittent table was affirmed in November 2016.The columns of the occasional table are called periods. A components period number is the most elevated unexcited vitality level for an electron of that component. Sections of components help to recognize bunches in the intermittent table. Components inside a gathering share a few basic properties and regularly have the equivalent external electron arrangement.Most of the components on the intermittent table are metals. The soluble base metals, antacid earths, fundamental metals, progress metals, lanthanides, and actinides all are gatherings of metals.The present intermittent table has space for 118 components. Components arent found or made arranged by nuclear number. Researchers are chipping away at making and checking components 119 and 120, which will change the presence of the table, however they were taking a shot at component 120 preceding component 119. No doubt, component 119 will be situated straightforwardly beneath francium and component 120 legitimately underneath radium. Physicists may make a lot heavier components that might be increasingly steady on account of unique properties of specific blends of proton and neutron numbers.Al though you may anticipate that iotas of a component should get bigger as their nuclear number builds, this doesn't generally happen in light of the fact that the size of a particle is dictated by the width of its electron shell. Truth be told, component iotas as a rule decline in size as you move from left to directly over a line. The principle distinction between the cutting edge intermittent table and Mendeleevs occasional table is that Mendeleevs table masterminded the components arranged by expanding nuclear weight, while the advanced table requests the components by expanding nuclear number. Generally, the request for the components is the equivalent between the two tables, however there are special cases.