Racial Profiling And Law Enforcement - 1770 Words

Lizette Cervantes Mr. Allman 1st Period 1 March 2015 Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement The topic racial profiling is an ongoing debate that is currently being argued in America. Before being able to help understand the faults of racial profiling, one must know what it is. According to the National Institute of Justice, racial profiling in law enforcement â€Å"is commonly defined as a practice that targets people for suspicion of crime based on their race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (â€Å"Racial Profiling†). Racial brutality tends to be an outcome of most racial profiling cases. Racial profiling will usually be most casually seen in traffic stops. Not only does racial profiling make police officers hypocrites for not protecting, and causing distress to, the society they sworn to abide to, but it also makes them breach the constitution of the United States of America. Racial profiling is an unethical, biased, and unconstitutional practice in law enforcement. As stated previously, one must have a good understanding of racial profiling and the topics being further discussed. Beginning with the confusion of thinking racial profiling relates someone to being a racist. Racially profiling someone does not make a person, in this case a police officer, a racist. The actions the police officer takes towards profiling racially is what makes them a racist. For example, one has to ask if the profile was based purely on racial prejudice-which is having a negative attitude towardShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling And The Law Enforcements1418 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review This paper outlines the studies, incidents, facts and statistics that have found evidence of racial profiling which causes distrust in the law enforcements (police, government etc0. Studies of racial profiling shows that blacks, Hispanics, Middle Eastern and other racial minorities are more likely to be stopped than those who are white. They are more likely to be stopped and searches, traffic stops, license and registration checks. In addition they are more likely to be ticketedRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Law Enforcement Essay1854 Words   |  8 PagesRacial profiling is used by many Americans in the united states. Blacks, whites and mexicans all use racial profiling. Their profiling is much different then you could say is used by police enforcement today. Minorities are high on the list of racial profiling by police in today s society. This has caused many issues with minorities and police enforcement relations since police use this as a way of controlling crime rates in ma ny cities. With this paper it will be to show and scrutinize every aspectRead MoreRacial Profiling by Law Enforcement Essay756 Words   |  4 Pagesis racial profiling? Racial profiling is a law enforcement and security agency practice that encourages officers to stop, search, and investigate people based on race, ethnicity, nationality or religion. While racial profiling is most commonly committed against ethnic minorities, many instances of racial profiling occur in reaction to specific crimes, making any racial or cultural group subject to more intensive scrutiny by the authorities. (ebscohost.com) This is what I think bout racial profilingRead MoreDo Law Enforcements Practice Racial Profiling983 Words   |  4 PagesDo Law Enforcements practice Racial Profiling in Street-Level Crime in the country? This inquiry persists to be the main deliberation by the experts, and it is the question that convoys the research. In â€Å"The Reality of Racial Profiling†, The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights shows absolute statistical report evidences from Department of Labor’s Bureau of Justice that proves the existence of Racial Profiling on the country’s highways. The year 2005 data resulted that Black and HispanicRead MoreEssay on Racial Profiling by Law Enforcement is Not Justified1063 Words   |  5 PagesWhen we are children we are taught not to judge a book by its cover, for most of us this is easier said than done. Racial profiling is something that affects millions of people in the United States alone. Seemingly innocent people are being targeted solely by the color of their skin and their nationality. Whether racial profiling somebody is appropriate or not is a topic widely discussed by individuals everywhere. The question is however, is it right to judge somebody just because they look differentRead MoreRacial Profiling by Law Enforcement is Unjustifiable Essay 1318 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way people perceive other individuals. Racial profiling, a term used more frequently when dealing with law enforcement, is defined as â€Å"any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection that relies on stereotypes about race, colour, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin rather than on reasonable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment† (CBC). An analysis of racial profiling in Marita Golden’s After reveals aspects ofRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Threat Law Enforcement Tool Essay2119 Words   |  9 PagesOne issue that has been prevalent throughout the world in policing is racial profiling. This issue is highly controversial across the world because there are many people who believe racial profiling is a legitimate law enforcement tool, but there are just as many people who believe racial profiling is pure racism. Racial Profiling is using someone’ s racial or ethnic characteristics to suspect someone of committing or is going to commit a crime. Since our society isn’t all just one specific type ofRead More Law enforcement and the Prevalence of Racial Profiling Toward Youth of Color in the City of Chicago2733 Words   |  11 Pages Law enforcement and the Prevalence of Racial Profiling Toward Youth of Color in the City of Chicago Introduction Mass incarceration has become a youth phenomenon in Black and Latino Communities. Ninety-five percent of all juveniles sent to adult court are youth of color (Rios, 2006). This disproportionate number of incarcerated youth starts with the policing, surveillance, and targeting of these groups by law enforcement. The issue that will be discussed in this paper is the high rate atRead MoreEthical Issues in Film1518 Words   |  7 PagesRacial profiling is a term society has become familiar with in the past few years; however, it is not a new phenomenon. Racial profiling according to Fredrickson, occurs when law enforcement officials rely on race, skin color, and/or ethnicity as an indication of criminality, reasonable suspicion, or probable cause, except when it is part of the description of a particular suspect (1). There are many opposing views on racial profiling; some believe it to be a useful tool used by law enforcementRead MoreRacial Profiling And Violates Human Rights Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesIs Racial Profiling Justiciable Under Certain Circumstances? Racial profiling has been a longstanding argument in law enforcement practices for a number of years in American society. Often it divides and alienates communities from law enforcements while hindering police efforts to control crimes and protect civilians. Many civil right groups argue that racial profiling is ineffective and violates human rights. However after September 11th, it appears that the practice has become much more prominent

Global Online Advertising Relevant Industry - 1512 Words

Global Online Advertising – Relevant Industry In 1998, Google, Inc. surfaced online and has gradually gained a dominant role in the global online advertising industry to fuel expansion. The global online advertising industry includes social media advertising, search advertising, mobile advertising, and display and web banner advertising. According to eMarketer, Google’s products have allowed it to maintain above 30% revenue growth in 2014 for worldwide digital advertising (2014). Today, Google, Inc. still remains as the undisputed leader of the global online advertising industry through offerings of different products such as Google Search, DoubleClick, YouTube, Android, and Adwords. According to eMarketer, Google, Inc. is still the†¦show more content†¦Even though Amazon is Google’s biggest search-ad buyer, it is also one of Google’s emerging rivals for online ad dollars. In 2013, Amazon spent over $157.7 million on Google search ads (Peterson, 2014). In 2014, it spent nearly 419.5 million on Goog le search ads and is considered as one of the biggest spenders on search ads (Peterson, 2014). As an emerging rival for online ad dollars, Amazon has expanded its business to sell search and display ads on its own sites as well as others to allow direct competition with Google. Recently, there has been a report from the Wall Street Journal that Amazon is planning to develop software similar to Google’s AdWords program that will allow it to place ads online. Google chiefly supplies ads on Amazon pages; however, Amazon is hoping to replace Google with a new in-house ad placement platform that could challenge Google, Inc.’s $50 billion a year advertising business (Winkler Bensinger, 2014). The industry is plateauing. Even though revenue share has been decreasing gradually, they still are keeping their revenue share up on a high basis. According to eMarketer, there has been a decrease in Google’s ad revenue share in the mobile Internet space (2015). Revenue share for Google’s mobile Internet ad was 52.60% in 2012, 49.30% in 2013, and 46.80% in 2014 (eMarketer, 2015). In 2012 –

Andrew Shepards Speech From The American President free essay sample

The last couple of months under Rumson has suggests that being president of this country was to a certain extent about character, and although I have not been willing to engage in his attacks on me, I’ve been here three years and three days, and I can tell you without hesitation; being president of this country, is entirely about character. For the record, yes, I am a card carrying member of the ACLU, but the more important question is, why aren’t you Bob? Now this is an organization whose sole purpose is to defend the Bill of Rights, so it naturally begs to question, why would a senator, his party’s most powerful spokesman and a candidate for president, choose to reject upholding the Constitution? Now if you can answer that question folks, then you’re smarter than I am, because I didn’t understand it until, a few hours ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Andrew Shepards Speech From The American President or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page America isn’t easy. America is advanced citizenship. You’ve got to want it bad, cause It’s gonna put up a fight. It’s gonna say, â€Å"You want free speech? Let’s see you acknowledge a man whose words make your blood boil, whose standing center stage and advocating at the top of his lungs that which you would spend a lifetime apposing at the top of yours. You want to claim this land as the land of the free then the symbol of your country cannot just be a flag! † The symbol also has to be one of it’s citizens’ exercising his right to burn that flag in protests. Now show me that, defend that, celebrate that in your classrooms. Then you can stand up and sing about the land of the free. I’ve known Bob Rumsin for years, and I’ve been operating under the assumption of the reason Bob devotes so much and time and energy to shouting at the rain, is that he simply didn’t get it. Well I was wrong Bob’s problem isn’t that he doesn’t get it, Bob’s problem is that he can’t sell it. We have serious problems to solve, and we need serious people to solve them. And whatever your particular problem is, I promise you, Bob Rumsin, is not the least bit interested in solving it. He is interested in two things, and two things only; making you afraid of it, and telling you who’s to blame for it. That ladies and gentlemen, is how you win elections. You gather a group of middle aged, middle classed, middle income voters, who remember with longing and easier time, and you talk to them about family, American values, and character, and you wave an old photo of the President’s girlfriend, and you scream about patriotism, you tellshe’s to blame for their lot in life, and you go on television, and you call her a whore. Sidney Ellen Wade, has done nothing to you Bob, she has done nothing but, put herself through school, represent the interests of public school teachers, and lobby for the safety of our natural resources. You want a character debate Bob, you better stick with me, because Sidney Ellen Wade is way out of your league. I’ve loved two women in my life. I lost one to cancer and I lost the other because I was so busy keeping my job; I forgot to do my job. Well that ends right now. Tomorrow morning, the White House is sending a bill to Congress for it’s consideration. It’s White House Resolution 455, an energy bill requiring a 20% reduction of the emission of fossil fuels over the next 10 years. It is by far the most aggressive stride ever taken in the fight to reverse the effects of global warming. The other piece of legislation is the crime bill, as of today, it no longer exists; I’m throwing it out. I’m throwing it out and writing a law that makes sense. You cannot address crime prevention without getting rid of assault weapons and handguns. I consider them a threat to National Security, and I will go door to door if I have to, but I’m going to convince Americans that I’m right and I’m gonna get the guns. We’ve got serious problems, and we need serious people. And if you want to talk about character Bob, you better come at me with more than a burning flag and a membership card. If you want to talk about character and American values fine, just tell me where and when and I’ll show up. This is a time for serious people Bob, and your fifteen minutes are up. My name is Andrew Shepard, and I am the President.

Industrial Relations Colesworths

Question: How to manage industrial relations? Answer: Long-term employee relation objectives: Employee relation refers to the relationship between employers and employees in order to achieve desired working environment that would meet the needs of employees and help the organization to achieve its strategic, tactical and operational objectives (Kelly 2012).As a part of new industrial relations agreement, following three long term employee relations objectives has been identified To implement training and development plans for employees to increase productivity and job satisfaction To implement proactive conflict management and dispute resolution procedures To develop contingency plans in case negotiations break down As stated above, the purpose of employee relations is to increase interaction between the employers and employees and development of optimum workplace conditions so that organizational goals can be achieved. Therefore, to achieve these identified objectives, the management and the employees are required to develop and implement action plans. Employee relations objectives are designed to provide employees with better working conditions and help the organization to increase its productivity. Therefore, to achieve these objectives employees can collectively bargain and negotiate terms of employee relations to achieve desired objectives (Poole 2013). Analysing existing employee relations performance in relation to the above workplace objectives The effectiveness of existing employee relations performance can be measured by evaluating the results of current practices on the employees motivation and satisfaction and organizational productivity. In order to analyse the performance of current employee relations performance with identified long-term objectives following methods can be employed Performance appraisal: the effectiveness of employees training and development needs can be analysed by performance appraisal. This method, in particular provides information about the effectiveness of training programs implemented by the organization. Observation: this method is can be used to analyse the effectiveness of conflict management and dispute resolution procedures employed in the organization. Personal interviews can also be employed to measure the effectiveness of existing employee relations performance Organizational survey is another method that can be employed to analyse current employee relations performance (Richardson 2013). Evaluation of options while developing the action plan When developing the plan, it is important to evaluate various options and then selecting the best alternative available. Evaluation of various options can be undertaken in terms of cost benefit analysis and/or risk analysis, discussed as Cost benefit analysis: cost benefit analysis is a decision making tool that helps in understanding the positive outcomes (benefits) and negative outcomes (costs) of different decisions alternatives. Therefore, while developing plans for employee relations for development of strategies all possible means of achieving those strategies are evaluated on the basis of associated costs and benefits and the alternatives that yields maximum benefits are selected (Bartram et al. 2015). Risk analysis: while developing plans it is important to access all tangible and intangible factors affecting the success of selected plan. This helps in the understanding the risks associated with the selected plans and enable the management to devise strategies to minimize the effect of risks. Risk analysis helps in quantification of discovered risks and enables decision makers to arrive at confident choices informed by data. The most common methods of risk analysis are financial risks and operational risks. Ensuring compliance with following legislative requirements Workplace laws: there are several work place laws such as fair work act 2009, registered organizations legislations and regulations, related legislations and many others that needs to be followed. Its compliance can be ensured by developing strategies and plans that are in accordance with the legal frameworks (Shields et al. 2015). Workplace, health and safety: it requires providing a safe workplace for employees that can be achieved identifying and controlling hazards, providing health and safety training to employees. In addition, constantly communicating with employees to keep them informed and involved in health and safety processes as well as keeping records of all accidents and reporting of serious injuries to Occupational Safety and Health Service are to be followed. Equal employment opportunity: to ensure the compliance with equal employment opportunities, the organization needs to follow fair and transparent employment standards. Therefore, while advertising for a post a wide a range of communication media should be used so that every eligible candidate can apply for the job. Further, during the selection process a standardized selection method should be employed to avoid subjectivity and biasness by the hiring executive. In addition, fairness in employment terms, exit policy and principles of confidentiality need to be followed(Burgess et al. 2014). Anti-discrimination laws: the following laws constitutes anti discrimination laws Age Discrimination Act 2004 Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 Disability discrimination Act 1992 Racial Discrimination Act 1975 Sex Discrimination Act 1984 By following the provisions of above laws, the organization can ensure legislative requirement of anti-discrimination laws (Forsyth 2016). Working with higher management to develop plan and policies In order to work with higher management to develop plan and policies, management by objective (MBO) strategy can be applied. This approach includes determining and assigning roles and responsibilities to the employees and working in synergy to achieve the desired objective. In addition, proper communication medium and channels needs to be identified to periodically review the progress and to take corrective actions if required (Ellem 2015). Skills and knowledge required to implement the policy In order to effectively implement the policy, the HR manager must be able to communicate the objectives of the policy to the employees and solicit their support to make the new policy a success. Further, it is important to devise strategies for wide dissemination of the policy information. The HR manager, should have the skills to develop models for policy evaluation and get the reviews from the employees and key shareholders and undertake necessary corrective actions before full scale implementation of the policy (Kaine 2016). References Bailey, J. and Peetz, D., 2013. Unions and collective bargaining in Australia in 2012.Journal of Industrial Relations,55(3), pp.403-420. Bartram, T., Boyle, B., Stanton, P., Burgess, J. and McDonnell, A., 2015. Multinational enterprises and industrial relations: A research agenda for the 21st century.Journal of Industrial Relations, p.0022185614564379. Bomers, G.B. and Peterson, R.B., 2013.Conflict management and industrial relations. Springer Science Business Media. Burgess, J., Cameron, R. and Rainnie, A., 2014. Contemporary research on work, workplaces and industrial relations in Australia.The Economic and Labour Relations Review,25(1), pp.5-9. Currie, D., Gormley, T., Roche, B. and Teague, P., 2016. The Management of Workplace.

Colton Sefton Essays (1222 words) - Sports, Recreation,

Colton Sefton Mr. Bancroft English Composition 111-3907 16 February 2017 Tour in Torquay At no time in my life has there ever been an event as surfing at Bells Beach, Australia.Electric excitement surrounded all of us was we watched in awe of surfers "rip up" massive waves, which shot up behind each surfer like salty spray foam. The contrast between the beautiful turquoise waters as they encircled the rocky, barren terrain kept our mouths agape.An ample horseshoe-shaped bay swept against the magnificent cliffs that rose a hundred feet high into the blue sky.In places, the sea had eroded those cliffs, and it was like an enormous sea monster had taken a bite out of the rock.The morning sun was beautiful as it pierced through the silky fog. On the beach, the sun's rays showed through the big waves, creating an emerald color.In the early mornings, I watched that sun and those surfers as they caught the first swells of the day.I listened to the colossal waves as they crashed and rolled against the shore while enjoying hot coffee: this was the very best way to begin my days i n Torquay. I found myself in a little town called Torquay far south in Australia. I fell in love with this place at first glance.The culture of this small place was evident; it was a surfer's paradise.Every house I passed in my car driving into town revealed a wetsuit hanging to dry alongside a battered surfboard. I could smell the salt in the air and hear the waves roaring against the shore. People from all over the world came to this town to do one thing and one thing only: to surf. The weather, despite its up and downs, with its cold bitter mornings and chilly days, did not stop the diehard surfers. The joint love of surfing created a soul that united the town.Everywhere I looked, I saw that passion.Surf shops were everywhere as they lined the streets sporting the most famous names in the sport. Torquay even had a shiny new museum dedicated to surfing. The locals were proud of this place they called home. First on my to-do list was to find a place to stay.This didn't take long because I came across a minute surf hostel, a place where many roaming surfers stayed.Everything about this hostel was pleasant, from the story-telling owner who hailed from Sweden and ran the hostel with an iron fist to my first cup of delicious warm coffee and conversation of the day.Where we were off to that day and what waves we wanted to surf and the new tricks we wanted to learn. Every night we'd return and tell of our accomplishments and our hard lessons, which part of the beach hit, and which part of the beach to avoid. As well, the hostel had life to it. The building seemed to be alive because of the people and the stories they brought with them: amazing stories about surfing in different countries or even just stories from down the road. Everyone had something to say, and everyone wanted to listen. Waking up in the morning was also the best time to surf. I took my coffee and enjoyed many beautiful sunrises as I listened to the ever-familiar thundering waves.Getting in the water and paddling, fighting my way through the waves, and diving under the first wave were always uniquely satisfying.Feeling my warm, dry body go completely under the cool wave as it rolled felt like a slowly moving cool embrace.As I opened my eyes underwater, I could see millions of bubbles as the salt stung my eyeballs. From underneath, I could see waves rolling above as I searched for a place surface. At times, I spit the salt water from my mouth, and from time to time, I swallowed the putrid slush, while occasionally, I simply lost my breakfast.Nevertheless, I couldn't get over the urge to get behind the breaking waves to catch next curl. I felt pure peace just sitting on my board, waiting for the ocean to slowly surge below.I felt so tiny as ten foot waves flowed under my body, like I was sitting on to p of a wild animal. The more I sat

Free Essays on Political Science

In the 18th century Liberalism help in the American Revolution by challenging the Absolute power of the Monarchy. (Political Ideologies p.24, 25) Liberalism were tired of the notation of â€Å"divine rights of a king† and an â€Å"accident of birth† for the social class statuses. Liberalism pushed for a government of representation and constitution, which is the opposite of Monarchy. In the United States the Declaration of Independence is a liberal idea. It state that all men are crated equal, have the rights to life, liberty and property. (The US Constitution p. 59) Declaring ones independence is an act of rebellion, which is self an act of one liberty. The US Constitution followed the Declaration of Independence in 1778, it was written by James Madison the â€Å"father of the Constitution†. (The US Constitution p.6) The US Constitution is a liberal document. One reason why is the separation of branches, it limit the power of all three branches, by a system of â€Å"checks and balances†. (The US Constitution) The19th century was a goriest time for liberalism, the US’s Constitution add new additions with the Bill of Rights which has liberal values. Under the Bill of Rights are civil rights are protected. Example would be the 1st amendment the right to religion, speech, assembly petition and press. (The US Constitution p. 45) These rights give us the liberties to openly/publicly speck our minds, without the worry of being kill for it. The US’s Constitution adds in the 13th, 14th, and the 15th amendments that free all men to have liberty, nor was it limited to just white men 21 year old land owners. With these additions black men were free to work for who they wish, vote, and own land without the state taking it away without due process. (The US Constitution p. 49) The early Liberalism can founded in the writing of Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan, John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government, and Adam Smith’s The Wealth o... Free Essays on Political Science Free Essays on Political Science In the 18th century Liberalism help in the American Revolution by challenging the Absolute power of the Monarchy. (Political Ideologies p.24, 25) Liberalism were tired of the notation of â€Å"divine rights of a king† and an â€Å"accident of birth† for the social class statuses. Liberalism pushed for a government of representation and constitution, which is the opposite of Monarchy. In the United States the Declaration of Independence is a liberal idea. It state that all men are crated equal, have the rights to life, liberty and property. (The US Constitution p. 59) Declaring ones independence is an act of rebellion, which is self an act of one liberty. The US Constitution followed the Declaration of Independence in 1778, it was written by James Madison the â€Å"father of the Constitution†. (The US Constitution p.6) The US Constitution is a liberal document. One reason why is the separation of branches, it limit the power of all three branches, by a system of â€Å"checks and balances†. (The US Constitution) The19th century was a goriest time for liberalism, the US’s Constitution add new additions with the Bill of Rights which has liberal values. Under the Bill of Rights are civil rights are protected. Example would be the 1st amendment the right to religion, speech, assembly petition and press. (The US Constitution p. 45) These rights give us the liberties to openly/publicly speck our minds, without the worry of being kill for it. The US’s Constitution adds in the 13th, 14th, and the 15th amendments that free all men to have liberty, nor was it limited to just white men 21 year old land owners. With these additions black men were free to work for who they wish, vote, and own land without the state taking it away without due process. (The US Constitution p. 49) The early Liberalism can founded in the writing of Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan, John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government, and Adam Smith’s The Wealth o...

What forms did african nationalism take down to the 1960's Essay

What forms did african nationalism take down to the 1960's - Essay Example Other examples include The West African National Congress which was formed in 1920 and the WAFD Party of Egypt formed to remove the indirect rule of the British in Egypt. One of the factors that led to the rise of African nationalism was the rise of superpower nations such as The United State of America and the Soviet Union who were against colonialism since they had different Ideologies. For example, the US was capitalist while the Soviet Union wanted to spread communism, which in turn lead to colonialists such as the British and French withdrawing from African countries. The colonial rulers had also taken a big share of African resources such as land and were encroaching in large numbers and displacing Africans to unproductive land, which encouraged the Africans to form movements to oppose such kinds of oppression. Additionally, the United Nations also discouraged colonial rule, hence it came with the idea that the countries under colonial rule should be decolonized and left to rul e themselves (Okoth 2006). The African National Congress The formation of The African National Congress started in 1912 and was referred to as South Africa’s National Liberation Movement but in the year 1923 was renamed to The African National Congress (Mckenna 2011). ... The ANC’s other main aim was to fight for South Africans’ socio-cultural and economic issues so as to encourage Africans and save them from becoming poor. This was due to the fact that the colonialist had taken away most of their resources such as fertile land. The ANC went through different stages to liberate the South Africans from the colonial rulers. Mckenna (2011) shows that the party was destabilized in the year 1920 due to disagreements with communist members who wanted to join them. The party lost its activeness between the year 1930 and 1940, but become active again in the year 1940 after members like Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu reformed the party so as to fight against apartheid which was seen as the biggest form of oppression to the South Africans. The reformers were also known as the ANC Youth League due to the fact that most of the leaders who reformed the party in 1940 were young (Mckenna 2011). Strikes were organized in 1946 by gold min ers who were protesting against the hardships they were going through, which they saw that the colonies were the main contributor. For example they had to protest against the Witwatersrand bus company who contributed to their hardships by raising transport fare. The movement, ANC, went on with the fight against the segregation with the use of other forms of fight like protests and strikes. In the year 1952, they encouraged strikes and protests though they never engaged the government which was in power by then. This made the party popular and encouraged many Black people to join them. In the year 1955, the leaders of the ANC and the communist congress were arrested and put on trial after they demanded for the rights of Black people and